3G and UMTS Technology

Mobile data communications is evolving quickly because of Internet, Intranet, Laptops, PDAs and increased requirements of workforce mobility. 3G UMTS will be the commercial convergence of fixed line telephony, mobile, Internet and computer technology. New technologies are required to deliver high speed location and mobile terminal specific content to users. The emergence of new technologies thus provides an opportunity for a similar boom what the computer industry had in 1980s, and Internet and wireless voice had in 1990s.

The main IMT-2000 standardisation effort was to create a new air interface that would increase frequency usage efficiency. The WCDMA air interface was selected for paired frequency bands (FDD operation) and TDCDMA (TDD operation) for unpaired spectrum. 3G CDMA2000 standard was created to support IS-95 evolution.

The UMTS transport network is required to handle high data traffic. A number of factors were considered when selecting a transport protocol: bandwidth efficiency, quality of service, standardisation stability, speech delay sensitivity and the permitted maximum number of concurrent users. In the UMTS network, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is defined for the connection between UTRAN and the core network and may also be used within the core network. In addition to the IMT-2000 frame many new standards will be integrated as part of the next generation mobile systems. Bluetooth and other close range communication protocols and several different operating systems will be used in mobiles. Internet will come to mobiles with WAP, i-mode and XML protocols. 3G development has helped to start the standardisation and development of large family of technologies.

World First 42Mbps 3G HSPA Sppeeds Achieved

Mobile broadband with HSPA continues to evolve. In a world with a continuous demand for faster speed.

Industry leaders are keen to upgrade networks in order to give consumers an even better experience. Australian operator, Telstra was amongst leading operators who were in attendance when Ericsson demonstrated its latest mobile broadband technology, HSPA Evolution with 42Mbps, near Stockholm, Sweden.

It was the first time in the world such speeds was achieved on commercially-available products. Until now, consumers have seen network speeds of 28Mbps at best.

Michael Rocca, acting Chief Operations Officer of Telstra says: "The Telstra Next G? network has already changed the way Australians live and work with its speed, capacity and coverage. What we are discovering with the HSPA Dual Carrier tests is a super fast mobile broadband solution that, once compatible devices are available, will deliver meaningful speed, capacity and efficiency improvements on the network."

Ulf Ewaldsson, Vice President and Head of Product Area Radio at Ericsson says: "Our studies show that consumers are thirsty for higher speed and choose operators that can offer the best performance for an attractive price. Our HSPA technology for 42Mbps is now available for deployment."

Faster speeds give consumers a real feeling of "instant access". The new dual carrier technology can be implemented with a software upgrade only and doubles the speed for users everywhere in the cell of the mobile network, even for users at the edge of the cell, where performance is generally lower. This will also increase the capacity and operators can deliver more gigabytes per base station, hence reducing the cost of delivering mobile broadband to consumers.

Commercially-available hardware and software was used with the first commercial chipset for 42Mbps dual carrier technology. The average consumer download speed achieved in the demo was a staggering 41.5Mbps.

42Mbps is the peak network downlink speed. Actual customer download speeds are less and can vary due to congestion, distance from the base station, local conditions, hardware, software and other factors.

SMART PHONE FEATURES

This title is not familiar with most of us. Is it? But this feature plays a key role in smart phone’s application.

Here we can see what this is? And why our smart phone is using this technology.

HSDPA & HSUPA

This term stands for high speed downlink packet access. Also it can be stands for high speed downlink protocol access. This has been designed to speed up the data transfer rate. By using this technology our smart phone can able to download any data at up to 10mbps speed. But in future it can be extended up to 40mbps rate of speed.

This can be vary from one handset to another depends upon provider. Most of the smart phone are now able to access packet office like Microsoft word, Microsoft excel, PowerPoint, one note and PDF. So we can able to access and receive this kind of files from any one.

In other hand HSUPA stands for high speed uplink packet access, this can be used to upload a file up to 7mbps rate of speed. This also can be varying from one to another.

This technology is derived to challenge earlier version EVDO [evolution data optimized] offered by CDMA [/code]

Now days, there are more than 80 networks offer this network technology all over the world. More than 150 handset models have been roaming around us with this application.

Not only in GSM, can it be improved with w-CDMA by modifying its modulation and coding. If it engages with CDMA, then become a new channel called HSDSCH stands for high speed downlink shared channel. So this channel can also able to perform its download action like as GSM.

Now all these are available in 3^rd Generation [i-e, 3G]. But if our smartphone comes with 3.5 G, then we can expect and avail more from this technology.

EV-DO: Evolution-Data Optimized, or Evolution-Data Only

Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000), consisting principally of 1xRTT and One Carrier-Evolved, Data-Optimized (1xEV-DO) versions, is the second most widely deployed cellular technology in the world with a global market share of 9.8 percent and 409 million mobile connections as of 1Q 2009. 1xRTT is the most widely deployed of the CDMA2000 family of technologies, commercial on 272 networks, and is a CDMA operator’s first step towards wireless data services. Often compared to GPRS or EDGE in the GSM family of technologies, 1xRTT has a further evolution to EV-DO.

CDMA2000 represents a family of standards and includes:

• CDMA2000 1X
• CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Technologies
  • CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0 (Rel 0)
  • CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Revision A (Rev A)
  • CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Revision B (Rev B)

A number of operators have deployed or are deploying 1xEV-DO, where a radio carrier is dedicated to high-speed data functions. In May 2009, there were 106 EV-DO Rel 0 networks and 62 EV-DO Rev A networks deployed worldwide, according to the CDMA Development Group.

EV-DO uses many of the same techniques for optimizing spectral efficiency as HSPA, including higher order modulation, efficient scheduling, turbo-coding, adaptive modulation and coding, though the technology standards are not interoperable. For these reasons, it achieves spectral efficiency that is virtually the same as UMTS-HSPA. The 1x technologies operate in the 1.25 MHz radio channels, compared to the 5 MHz channels used by UMTS, resulting in lower theoretical peak rates, but similar average throughputs for high level of network loading. Under low- to medium-load conditions, because of the lower peak achievable data rates, EV-DO or EV-DO Rev A achieves a lower typical performance level than HSPA. CDMA operators have quoted 400 to 700 kbps typical throughput on the downlink for EV-DO Rel 0 and between 600 kbps and 1.4 Mbps for EV-DO Rev A.

Deployed network versions currently are based on either Rel 0 or Rev A radio-interface specifications. EV-DO Rev A incorporates a more efficient uplink, which has spectral efficiency similar to that of HSUPA. Operators started to make EV-DO Rev A commercially available in 2007. One challenge for EV-DO operators is that they cannot dynamically allocate their entire spectral resources between voice and high-speed data functions. The EV-DO channel is not available for circuit-switched voice, and the 1xRTT channels offer only medium-speed data. This will become an increasing problem for CDMA operators as data usage expands, and this limitation could cause suboptimal use of radio resources.

Another limitation of using a separate channel for EV-DO data services is that it currently prevents users from engaging in simultaneous voice and high-speed data services, whereas this is possible with UMTS- HSPA. Many users enjoy having a tethered data connection from their laptops – by using Bluetooth, for example – and having the ability to initiate and receive phone calls while maintaining their data sessions.

EV-DO will eventually provide service using Voice over Internet Protocols (VoIP) through EV-DO Rev A, which includes a higher speed uplink, Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms in the network, protocol optimizations to reduce packet overhead, and will address problems such as jitter. Nonetheless, operators will face difficult choices: How many radio channels at each base station should be made available for 1xRTT to support legacy terminals versus how many radio channels should be allocated to EV-DO? In contrast, UMTS allows both circuit-switched and packet-switched traffic to occupy the same radio channel, where the amount of power each uses can be dynamically adjusted. This makes it simple for users to migrate over time from circuit-switched voice to packet-switched voice.

Beyond Rev A, Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) has defined EV-DO Rev B as allowing the combination of up to 15 1.25 MHz radio channels in 20 MHz – significantly boosting peak theoretical rates to 73.5 Mbps. An operator would more likely combine three radio channels in 5 MHz. Such an approach by itself does not necessarily increase overall capacity, but it does offer users higher peak data rates. As of May 2009, no operators have yet publicly committed to EV-DO Rev B.

Beyond Rev B, 3GPP2 developed Revision C standards, also known as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB). UMB was standardized based on an OFDMA approach like LTE and mobile WiMAX (802.16m). However, as of May 2009, no operators have committed to UMB and there are legitimate questions about the commercial viability of the technology. In fact, many mobile operators with the current EV-DO technology will likely deploy LTE because of the benefits offered by the GSM family of technologies. Leading CDMA operators worldwide including Verizon, KDDI, KTF and SKT are among those confirming that they will converge with the 3GPP world, selecting LTE over other radio access methods as they are nearing the end of their existing technology roadmap.

Though the migration from CDMA2000 to LTE is feasible, it will be more complex than migrating from UMTS-HSPA to LTE, especially in achieving interworking between LTE and legacy networks.

The CDMA2000 family of standards will continue to serve operators well into the next decade. Many CDMA2000 operators are supplementing or evolving existing networks with OFDMA technologies such as LTE to deliver advanced mobile applications that require greater network capacity and data speeds. It will be necessary to develop solutions to ensure that CDMA2000 devices, networks and roaming provide a seamless user experience across CDMA2000 to LTE wireless technology platforms.

CDMA2000 clearly is a viable and effective wireless technology and, to its credit, many of its innovations have been brought to market ahead of competing technologies. Today, however, the GSM family has in excess of 3.8 billion subscribers – more than nine times the total number of subscribers in the CDMA2000 family of technologies.

3G/UMTS

3G – History:

First generation wireless, or 1G, refers to analog networks introduced in the mid-1980s. Examples include Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) used in North America and Total Access Communications System (TACS) used in the UK. As mobile communications grew in popularity, networks often became overloaded, resulting in busy signals and dropped calls. The solution was second-generation wireless, or 2G, which emerged in the early 1990s. 2G technologies were digital and offered the much-needed capacity that 1G analog systems did not afford. Several technologies were widely used:

• TDMA (IS-54 and IS-136)
• GSM (a TDMA based technology)
• CDMA IS-95 or cdmaOne (a CDMA based technology)

However, these 2G technologies are incompatible with each other. Thus, mobile service subscribers were still often limited to using their phones in a single country or region.

In an effort to standardize future digital wireless communications and make global roaming with a single handset possible, the ITU established a single standard for wireless networks in 1999. Called IMT-2000, which is commonly referred to today as 3G, the initiative set forth the requirements (mentioned above) for the third generation of wireless networks.

3G – The Standard:

3G stands for third-generation wireless technology and networks. The concept of a single standard evolved into a family of five 3G wireless standards. Of those five, the most widely accepted are CDMA2000, WCDMA (UMTS) and TD-SCDMA. According to the ITU and IMT-2000, a wireless standard must meet minimum bit-rate requirements to be considered 3G:

• 2 Mbps in fixed or in-building environments
• 384 Kbps in pedestrian or urban environments
• 144 Kbps in wide area mobile environments
• Variable data rates in large geographic area systems (satellite)

In addition to providing faster bit rates and greater capacity over previous-generation technologies, 3G standards excel by effectively:

• Delivering mobile data
• Offering greater network capacity
• Operating with existing second-generation technologies
• Enabling rich data applications such as VoIP, video telephony, mobile multimedia, interactive gaming and more

3G Today:
Today, WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) and CDMA2000 are by far the dominant standards in terms of current commercial services, operator deployment plans and vendor support. Launched commercially by wireless operators in 2000, CDMA2000 1X was the world’s first operational 3G technology, capable of transmitting data faster than most dial-up services. Today, more than 190 million people enjoy the benefits of CDMA2000 1X, which provides enhanced data capacity compared to all 2G technologies.

Also known as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) is the 3G standard chosen by most GSM/GPRS wireless network operators wanting to evolve their systems to 3G network technology. WCDMA offers enhanced voice and data capacity and peak data rates faster than most dial-up services and average rates consistently greater than GSM/GPRS (Global System for Mobile communications/General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution). As of February 2006, more than 51 million subscribers were using WCDMA for their mobile voice and data needs.

Architecture:

EDGE / GPRS / EVDO

In Bangladesh, the mobile phone companies emphasized mainly on voice service upto the end of 2005. Since then, the operators are introducing newer and modern technology to meet the data communication requirement of the clients. Other countries adopted those features long ago, specially the GPRS. GrameenPhone is the pioneer in introducing this type of data service to the people of Bangladesh. When GrameenPhone offered the service as a trial basis, Aktel announced the same sort of service… However, GP started staying a step ahead by offering EDGE where as Aktel started with GPRS. More over, after the trial period (to some selected users) GP’s service was available to both prepaid and postpaid customers. Aktel offered the service to both type of users recently prior to what the service was only available to the post paid users. Banglalink on the other hand offered GPRS to its postpaid Enterprise users from the beginning of 2007, depriving the prepaid and normal postpaid users. TeleTalk has offered reasonable packages for both prepaid and postpaid users. Infact teletalk is the only operator to offer unlimited usage package to the prepaid users also. Warid started its operation with the GPRS facilty, but yet to offer any unlimited usage package. Citycell, country’s only CDMA operator, has however started its data service after adopting CDMA 2000 1xRTT technology country wide. The data service technology by Citycell is known as EVDO (Evolution-Data Optimized). The service name is “My Citycell Zoom” and is only availble for the post paid users again depriving the prepaid users. Moreover, the package has flavor of both the time validation and data limit. This is not as cheap as the unlimited offers by the other operators nor as expensive as the Taka/MB offers.

Tariff plan for EDGE/GPRS/EVDO service:

General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) simply is an extension of the GSM standard to provide packet data services. It was introduced in late 2000. It can provide data rates from 56 to 114 Kbps and continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer users.

Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) is a radio based high-speed mobile data standard. It allows data transmission speeds upto 384 kbps to be achieved when all eight timeslots are used. In fact, EDGE was formerly called GSM384. This means a maximum bit rate of 48 kbps per timeslot. Even higher speeds may be available in good radio conditions.

EVDO or Evolution Data Only/Evolution Data Optimized (often abbreviated as EVDO, EV-DO, EvDO, 1xEV-DO or 1xEvDO) provides fast wireless broadband (3G) internet service. EVDO is based on the 1xRTT standard, which is available in almost all cell phone coverage areas and provides Internet speeds of about 2-3 times that of dial-up (about 60K-100K).

A comparison between different Data Standards:

UMTS Network Architecture

1. Introduction

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) currently viewed as a dream system that replaces the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). UMTS is an evolution satau third generation (3G) mobile networks. UMTS also shows the growing demand of mobile applications and Internet applications for new capacity so that the world increasingly crowded mobile communications. Increase network transmission speeds up to 2 Mbps per mobile user and set a standard of global exploration.

UMTS, also called Wideband - Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA). This system allows many different applications to be introduced into the corners of the world to mobile users and provides an important link between the present GSM system, and the last of the worldwide standard for the entire single mobile telecommunications, International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000 ).

2. IMT-2000

The main characteristics of 3G systems that we know as the IMT-2000, is one family that have standards and have campatible following characteristics:

* Used throughout the world
* Used for all mobile applications
* Support for data transmission from the packed-switched and circuit switched
* Offers a high data rate up to 2 Mbps
* Offer high spectrum efesiansi

IMT-2000 is a set of requirements issued by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). BMI represents the International Mobile Telecommunications, and describes the year 2000 which is scheduled for the beginning of the experiment system and the frequency range of 2000 MHZ (WARC'92; 1885-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz). All 3G standards have been developed by regional standards developing organizations (SDOs). On the whole proposal was submitted by regional SDOs in the ITU in 1998 as many as 17 different proposals for IMT-2000 standard, 11 proposals for terrestrial systems and 6 proposals for mobile satellite systems (MSSs). At the end of 1998 it had evaluated the proposal in full, and in mid-1999 has been negotiated at a different consensus view that 17 proposals have been approved as an IMT-2000 standard by the ITU.

Most of the IMT-2000 proposals are UMTS (W-CDMA) as the successor of GSM, CDMA2000 as a temporary replacement for the standard '95 (IS 95), and time division - synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA) (universal wireless communications-136 [ UMC-136] / EDGE) as the basis for improving TDMA D-AMPS/GSM.

Most of the IMT-2000 proposals are UMTS (W-CDMA) as the successor of GSM, CDMA2000 as a temporary replacement for the standard '95 (IS 95), and time division - synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA) (universal wireless communications-136 [ UMC-136] / EDGE) as the basis for improving TDMA D-AMPS/GSM.

UMTS allows many applications to be introduced to users across the world and provides a variety of the most important link of the system in the present GSM and IMT-2000. The new network should also show growth in demand from mobile and Internet applications for new capacity in the world of mobile communications that have been solid. Increased transmission speed UMTS up to 2 Mbps per mobile user and set a standard of global exploration.

UMTS is developed by Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a joint venture of several SDOs - ETSI (Europe), Association of Radio Industries and Business / Telecommunication Technology Committee (ARIB / TTC) (Japan), American National Standards Institute (ANSTI) T-1 (USA), Telecommunication Technology Association (TTA) (South Korea), and Chinese Wireless Telecommunication Standard (CWTS) (China). To reach global acceptance, 3GPP is introducing UMTS in phases and annual releases. The first release (UMTS Rel. '99), Introduced in December 1999, this shows an improvement and replacement for the existing GSM networks. For the second release (UMTS Rel. '00), The same change is proposed as improvements to the IS-95 (with CDMA2000) and TDMA (with TD-CDMA and EDGE).

The most important changes in Rel. '99 Is a UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), a radio interface for W-CDMA land-based communications. UTRA supports Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD). TDD model optimized for public micro and pico cells and cordless applications without a license. FDD model is optimized for a wide range of areas, namely; public macro and micro cells. Both models offer tersubut data rate dynamic and flexible up to 2 Mbps. The model described UTRA others, multicarrier (MC), is expected to be compatible between UMTS and CDMA2000.

Figure Scheme UMTS Evolution

3. The UMTS network Arsistektur

UMTS (Rel. '99) unites the increase of the GSM phase 2 + Core Network with GPRS and CAMEL. Enables network operators to enjoy increased efficiency because the cost of UMTS 2G can protect investments and reduce the risk of these implementations.

In UMTS release 1 (Rel. '99), has introduced a new radio network kases UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). UTRAN, UMTS Radio Access Network (RAN), can be connected to the GSM phase 2 + Core Network (CN) via Iu. A UTRAN Iu interface between the Radio Network Controller (RNC) and CN; UTRAN interface between RNC and packet-switched domain of CN (Iu-PS) is used for PS data and the UTRAN interface between RNC and the circuit-switched domain of CN (Iu - CS) was used for the CS data.

Mobile Stations (MSS) "GSM-only" will be connected to the network via the GSM air (radio) interface (Um). UMTS / GSM dual-mode user equipment (UE) will be connected to a UMTS network over the air (radio) interface (Uu) on the data rate is very high (close to 2 Mbps). Outside the service area of the UMTS, UMTS / GSM UE will be connected to the network by reducing the data rate through Um.

Maximum data rate is 115 kbps for CS data by HSCSD, 171 kbps for PS data by GPRS, and EDGE 553 kbps by. Support handover between UMTS and GSM, and handover between UMTS and other 3G systems (eg, multicarrier CDMA [MC-CDMA]) will be able to support all around the world access to the right.

Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) described in UMTS Rel. '99 Unites major kategari of 3 network elements:

Phase ½ * GSM core network elements; mobile service switching center (MSC), visitor location register (VLR), home location register (HLR), authentication center (AC), and equipment identity register (EIR).
* GSM Phase 2 + enhancements; GPRS (serving GPRS support node [SGSN] and the gateway GPRS support node [GGSN]) and CAMEL (CAMEL service environment [CSE])
* Improvement and UMTS specific modifications, especially the UTRAN.

3.1. Network elements of GSM Phase ½

½ PLMN GSM phase contains from 3 subsystem; base station subsystem (BSS), network and switching subsystem (NSS), and operations support system (OSS). BSS contains a few functional units; base station controller (BSC), transcievier base station (BTS) and transcoder and rate adapter unit (Trau). NSS contains several functional units; MSC, VLR, HLR, EIR, and AC. Seoerti MSC provides switching functions, signaling, paging, and inter-MSC handover. OSS includes operation and maintenance centers (OMSs), which is used for remote operation and Centralized task, administration, and maintenance (OAM).

Phase UMTS network Figure 1

3.2. Network elements of GSM Phase 2 +

3.2.1. GPRS

Most important from the evolutionary GSM to UMTS is GPRS. PS introducing GPRS into GSM CN and allow direct access to packet data networks (PDNs). PS This transmission allows for high data rates well beyond the 64 kbps limit of ISDN through the GSM CN, the data transmission rate for UMTS is required up to 2 Mbps. GPRS will prepare and CN menoptimalisasi for high data rate PS transmission, as well as UMTS with UTRAN the RAN. As such, GPRS is a prerequisite for the introduction of UMTS.

Two of these functional units extends from the architecture to the GSM NSS PS GPRS services; GGSN and SGSN, GGSN has the function of comparing the gateway MSC (GMSC). SGSN is at the same hierarchical level as the visited MSC (VMSC) / VLR and carry out comparable functions like routing and mobility management.

3.2.2. CAMEL

CAMEL enables worldwide access to the operators who use IN applications such as prepaid, call screening, and supervision. CAMEL is a major increase in GSM phase 2 + to the introduction of the concept of UMTS virtual home environment (VHE). VHE is a platform of flexible service definition (collection from service creation tool) that allows operators to modify or penigkatan existing services or create new services. Moreover, VHE enables worldwide access to operator-specific services in every GSM and UMTS PLMN and introduces location-based services (by interaction with the GSM / UMTS mobility management). A CSE and a new protocol of the common control signaling system 7 (SS7) (CCS7), CAMEL application part (CAP), used in the CN to introduce the CAMEL.

3.3. UMTS network elements of Phase 1

Has been mentioned above, that different UMTS with GSM phase 2 + most of the new principles for air interface transmission (W-CDMA instead of TDMA / FDMA). Therefore, a new RAN is called UTRAN must be introduced with UMTS. Only projection modifications, such as the allocation of trnascoder (TC) function for voice emphasis on the CN, the CN is required to accommodate the change. The function TC is used in conjunction with the interworking function (IWF) for protocol conversion between the interfaces A and Iu-CS.

3.3.1. UTRAN

UMTS standard can be seen debagai an extension of the existing network. Two new network element has been introduced in the UTRAN, RNC, and Node B. Divided again in the UTRAN radio network system (RNSs) the individual, where each RNS is controlled by the RNC adalan. RNC is connected to a set of Node B elements, which each Node B can serve one or several cells.

Figure UMTS phase 1: UTRAN

Existing network elements, such as MSC, SGSN, and HLR, front extended to adopt the UMTS requirements, but the RNC, Node B, and the new handsets to be designed all. RNC will be a replacement for BSC, and Node B will function almost the same as the BTS. GSM and GPRS networks will be developed, and new services will be integrated into the overall network that contains both the existing interfaces such as A, Gb, and Abis, and including the Iu which is a new interface, UTRAN interface between Node B and RNC (Iub), and the UTRAN interface between two RNCs (Iur). new open interface in UMTS:

* Uu: UE interface to Node B (UTRA, the UMTS W-CDMA air interface)
* Iu: RNC interface to GSM phase 2 + CN (MSC / VLR or SGSN), which consists of the Iu-CS is used for data communications circuit-switched and Iu-PS is used to communicate packet-switched data.
* Iub: RNC to the Node interface B
* Iur: RNC to RNC interface, not comparison to other interfaces in GSM

RNC allows autonomy from the radio resource management (RRM) by the UTRAN. RRM perform the same functions as the GSM BSC, providing central control Untk RNS elements (RNC and a Node B). RNC handles protocol exchanges between the interfaces Iu, Iur, and Iub and is responsible for Centralized operation and maintenance (O & M) of the entire RNS with access to the OSS. Because the ATM-based interface, RNS ATM cell transfer between the interfaces Iu, Iur, and Iub. The user data in circuit-switched and packet-switched interface besaral of Iu-CS and Iu-PS is multiplexed together for multimedia transmission via Iur interfaces, Iub, and Uu to and from the EU.

RNC using the Iur interface, which is not the same as in GSM BSS, the autonomy to handle 100 percent of the RRM, removing the burden from the CN. Serve functions such as admission control, connection to the EU PRC, or macro diversity handover and congestion fully regulated by the serving RNC (SRNC) single. If another RNC is involved in the active connections through a soft inter-RNC handover, declared as a drift RNC (DRNC). DRNC only responsible for the allocation of the source code. A possible to re-allocate from SRNC to DRNC functions of the previous (re-allocation of serving radio network subsystem [SRNS]). Part of the controlling RNC (CRNC) is used to describe the RNC that control the logic resources of UTRAN access points.

3.3.2. Node B

Node B is a physical unit of the transmission / reception radio using the cell. Depending on sektorisasinya (omni / sector cells), one or more cells can be served by node B. A single Node B can support both models of the FDD and TDD, and the model may be co-located with GSM base stations to reduce the cost of implementation. Node B is connected with the EU through the radio interface Uu W-CDMA and connected to RNC via the Iub interface-based ATM. Node B is the point of the ATM terminal. The main task of Node B is to convert data from and to the radio interface Uu, including forward error correction (FEC), adaptation values, spreading / despreading W-CDMA, and modulation Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) at the air interface. Node B measures the strength and quality of connections and determine the frame error rate (FER), data transmission is addressed to the RNC as a measurement of the handover report, and a combination of macro diversity. Node B is also responsible for the FDD softer handover. The combination of micro diversity is free, remove the need for additional transmission capacity in the Iub.

Node B also beparsitipasi in power control, as something that allows for adjustment of the downlink using the command (DL) transmission power control (TCP) through the inner-loop power control information based on the uplink (UL) TCP. Values that are known from the inner-loop power control comes from the RNC via outer-loop power control.

Figure Overview Node B

4. Reference

* Http://www.iec.com [the international engineering consortium]
* Http://www.umtsworld.com [news and information about 3G mobile networks]